[ Bibl. details: ‘The Irish - Fact and Fiction’, [Introduction to] Brian de Breffny, ed., The Irish World: The History and Cultural Achievements of the Irish People (London: Thames & Hudson 1977), pp.7-18. ]

‘I suggest that the edict “Divide and Rule” has its source in a higher authority than the English Crown. A mosaic of varied local environments and inter-tribal feuds were realities which the English political manipulation could exploit but could hardly create.’ (p.8.)

‘Whereas the English saw nothing but barbarism and obscurity in Ireland before the coming of the Anglo-Normans, the Irish cherished their ancient literature, and the pseudo-history of the annals was uncritically espoused by romantic nationalists such as the new Irelanders; and, astonishingly, it long remained the standard textbook version of early Irish history and has kept alive dangerous passions of pride and hatred .. it is hard for the Englishman to comprehend the Irishman’s view of the past, for all time appears to be foreshortened into the living present’ [8].

[Quotes R. L. Praeger:] ‘We Irish ... can never let the past bury its dead. Finn McCoul and Brian Boru are still with us ... the Battle of the Boyne was fought last Thursday week, and Cromwell trampled and slaughtered in Ireland towards the latter end of the preceding month.’ (n. source; 8.)

‘A ring of uplands encircles a great part of Ireland, often ending in spectacular sea-cliffs ...’ (p.8.).

Further, ‘While one might suppose that the predominance of lowland would have faciliated communication and integration - for all the uplands put together would not cover more that one-eight of the island - the largest (central) lowland is in no sense a meeting-place: it is imperfectly drained by the mighty Shannon and strewn with a profusion of lakes and bogs that have impeded movement. The Central Lowland thus never became a seat of political power, and the centrally placed Athlone became a major communication centre only when it was given the freedom of the air through Radio Eireann. (p.8.)

‘The central lowland might have been a means of contact between the inhabitants of early Ireland. Instead they were a means of division, being broken up by spurs of mountain and large areas of impassable bog. Except in a few favoured areas, agriculture has counted for less than stock-raising. [caption to ill.] (pp.10-11.)

‘A great swarm of drumlins - one of the largest in the world - traverses Ireland in a broad loop from south Co. Donegal to Co. Down, representing the dumping of glacial clay and boulders as the ice-sheets tumbled from the Ulster uplands towards the Central lowland. Archaeologically, this difficult border country was late opened up to settlement, and had much to with the historical isolation of the province of Ulster from the rest of the island. (p.13.)

[Refers to:] ‘the Farewell State’ (p.14); remarks on raised bogs and blanket bogs (p.14.)

‘I suspect that alcohol has long been one of the ingredients of Irish wit and Irish bellicosity.’ (p.14.)

‘[L]egends grew around every element in the environment, whether natural or man-made, and as might be expected there is a wealth of lore associated with the milch-cow.’ (p.15.)

‘in general early Irish art is abstract and non-representational, and characterised by a superstitious horror vacui.’ (p.15.)

‘It is doubtful if the poverty of folk art as compared with that of most other parts of Europe can be attributed to the evil effects of conquest and the social submergence of the native people. Rather, the genius of the Irish has been expressed in spiritual forms, above all in poetry and the cultivation of conversation and storytelling as a fine art.’ (p.15.)

‘Sexual repression has been seen by some critics as partly responsible for such varied traits as the prevalence of alcoholism, the fondness for intrigue and mischief-making, the sadism evidenced in the harsh treatment of animals and the appalling acts of violence committed in the name of political ideologies; but it must be said that these characteristics were all commented on long before the devotional revolution.’ (p.17.)

‘There is some evidence to suggest that the crisis through which Ireland and much of Europe nothing of the Alps was passing in the period of change during the second half of the last millennium BC was accompanied and aggravated by climatic deterioration and the growth of blanket-bogs in what is termed the sub-Atlantic period. Nature, however, may not be entirely to blame for the Irish blanket-bogs. Man himself, by prolonged attacks on the forest cover, and by overgrazing and over-intensive cultivation of long-settled patches of land, may have been partly responsible for his deteriorating environment. In several parts of western Ireland extensive walled enclosures, some with unmistakable traces of ridge cultivation, have been discovered buried under vast stretches of blanket-bog which may well hide other remains, and it is argued that the leaching of the exposed over-cultivated soil could by itself have resulted in the formation of iron-pan with subsequent water-logging and the initiation of the bog forming process. The normal climate of western Ireland, in this view, is so near the point of being too wet for profitable arable husbandry that the upsetting of the ecological balance maybe as easily explained by human carelessness or excess as by climatic change. Later on it was no doubt partly because the alien potato ripened underground, was adapted to poor acid soils, and did not depend on good harvest weather, that it was eagerly adopted as a staple food-crop in this and other damp, infertile parts of Europe.’ (p.41.)

‘it has been pointed out that Gaelic society here in the far west retained many features which could be paralleled in another peripheral part of the Indo-European world - India. For example,the custom of “fasting unto death” as a means of redress is not quite defunct either in Ireland or in India. More particularly, the druids, who were charged with the task of transmitting judicial as well as scared learning, had their counterpart in the highest caste of Hinduism, the Brahmins. (p.45.)

‘learned itineracy’ [46]; Book of Kells, “Arrest of Christ”, with text, ‘Et ymno dicto exierunt in montem Oliverti [And after reciting a hymn they went out into the Mount of Olives]’; Mellifont 1142. [… &c.]