• Footnotes in the text to letters not published in books are located in the following National Library of Ireland (NLI) manuscript collections. Letters by A. E. F. Horniman, where not otherwise noted in the text, are drawn from ms. 13068, the Horniman papers.
• Abbey Theatre Management. Financial Accounts, business correspondence, patents, 1904-32. National Library of Ireland, ms. 13068.
• Denson, Alan. Letters of George Russell [Æ]. National Library of Ireland, ms. 9967.
• Fay, Frank J. Lectures and Articles on the Theatre. National Library of Ireland, mss. 10951-52.
• ———. Nine letters to Maire Garvey (April to November 1904). National Library of Ireland, ms. 8320.
• ———. Letters to J. M. Synge, 1903-7. National Library of Ireland, P 5381.
• Fay, W. G. Articles and Letters, including Horniman’s account of expenses. National Library of Ireland, ms. 10952.
• Financial Statement, July 1907 to November 1910. Henderson Press Cuttings. National Library of Ireland, ms. 1733.
• Holloway Papers. Seventy-eight letters of William Boyle. National Library of Ireland, ms. 13267.
• Horniman, A. E. F. Letters to Abbey Theatre directors and to W. B. Yeats, 1903-11. National Library of Ireland, ms. 13068.
• ———. Letters to Reverend Canon James O. Hannay (George Birmingham). National Library of Ireland, ms. 2259.
• Roberts, George, Collection. Minutes of the Irish National Theatre Society and letters to Maire Garvey from Frank Fay and others. National Library of Ireland, mss. 5651-52, 7267, 5320.
• ― 242 ―
  II— Irish Journals and Periodicals
  The Academy and Literature. A weekly review. London, 1869-1916.
• The Arrow. An occasional publication of the National Theatre Society. Edited by W. B. Yeats. Dublin & London, 1906-9.
• Beltaine. An occasional publication. Organ of the Irish Literary Theatre. Edited by W. B. Yeats. Dublin, 1899-1900.
• Dana. A magazine of independent thought. Edited by John Eglinton and Frederick Ryan. Dublin: Hodges, May 1904-April 1905.
• The Leader. A review of current affairs, literature, politics, art, and industry, biweekly. Edited by Denis Patrick Moran. Dublin, September 1900-.
• Samhain. An occasional publication. Organ of the National Theatre Society. Edited by W. B. Yeats. Dublin: Sealy & Byers, London: Fisher Unwin, 1901-5, 1908.
• The United Irishman. A national weekly review. Edited by Arthur Griffith. Vols. 1-16, nos. 1-372 (4 March 1899-14 April 1906). Dublin: Bernard Doyle, 1899-1906.

• III— Published Primary Sources
  Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888-1914. London: Wecker, 1921.
• Colum, Mary. Life and the Dream. 1958; rev. ed., Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1966.
• Colum, Padraic. Three Plays. Edited by John Eglinton [William Kirkpatrick Magee]. Dublin: Figgis, 1963.
• ———. The Road round Ireland. New York: Macmillan, 1926.
• Cousins, James H., and Margaret E. Cousins. We Two Together. Madras: Ganesh, 1950.
• Eglinton, John [William Kirkpatrick Magee]. Irish Literary Portraits. London: Macmillan, 1935.
• Eglinton, John [William Kirkpatrick Magee], W. B. Yeats, Æ, and W. Larminie. Literary Ideals in Ireland. London: Fisher Unwin, 1899. Reprint. New York: Lemma Press, 1973.
• Fay, Frank J. Towards a National Theatre: The Dramatic Criticism of Frank J. Fay. Edited by Robert Hogan. Irish Theatre Series, no. 1. London: Oxford University Press; Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1970.
• Fay, William George, and Catherine Carswell. The Fays of the Abbey Theatre: An Autobiographical Record. London: Rich & Lowan; New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1935.
• Finneran, Richard, George Mills Harper, and William M. Murphy, eds. Letters to W. B. Yeats. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
• ― 243 ―
  Gonne, Maud. A Servant of the Queen. 1938. Reprint. Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1983.
• Gregory, Isabella Augusta, Lady. Our Irish Theatre. 1913. Reprint. New York: Capricorn Books, 1965.
• ———. The Collected Plays. 4 vols. Edited by Ann Saddlemyer. Vol. 1, The Comedies. Vol. 2, The Tragedies and Tragic-comedies. Vol. 3, Wonder and the Supernatural. Vol. 4, Translations, Adaptations, and Collaborations . New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
• ———. Seventy Years: Being the Autobiography of Lady Gregory. Edited by Colin Smythe. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Symthe, 1973; New York: Macmillan, 1974.
• ———. Lady Gregory’s Journals, Volume One, Books One to Twenty-nine, 10 October 1916-24 February 1925. Edited by Daniel J. Murphy. 1947. Reprint. New York: Oxford Universty Press, 1978.
• ———. ed., Ideals in Ireland . London: At the Unicorn, 1901.
• Hogan, Robert, and James Kilroy, eds. Lost Plays of the Irish Renaissance . Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe, Newark, Del.: Proscenium Press, 1970.
• Hogan, Robert, general ed. Modern Irish Drama: A Documentary History. Vols. 1-4. Dublin: Dolmen Press; Atlantic Highlands,n.J.: 1975-79. Vol. 1, The Irish Literary Theatre 1899-1901, edited by Robert Hogan and James Kilroy. Vol. 2, Laying the Foundations 1902-1904, edited by Robert Hogan and James Kilroy. Vol. 3, The Abbey Theatre, the Years of Synge 1905-1909, edited by Robert Hogan and James Kilroy. Vol. 4, The Rise of the Realists 1910-1915, edited by Robert Hogan, Richard Burnham, and Daniel P. Poteet.
• Holloway, Joseph. Joseph Holloway’s Abbey Theatre: A Selection from His Unpublished Journal “Impressions of a Dublin Play-Goer.” Edited by Robert Hogan and Michael J. O’Neill. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press; London: Feffer & Simmons, 1967.
• Mitchell, Susan. Aids to the Immortality of Certain Persons in Ireland, Charitably Administered by Susan L. Mitchell. 1908. Dublin: Maunsel, 1913.
• Moore, George. Hail and Farewell! Ave, Salve, and Vale . 3 vols. 1911-14. Reprint. London: Heinemann, 1937.
• Nic Shiublaigh, Maire. The Splendid Years. Dublin: James Duffy, 1955.
• O’Sullivan, Seumas [James Starkey]. The Rose and Bottle. Dublin: Talbot Press, 1946.
• Payne, Ben Iden. A Life in a Wooden O: Memoirs of the Theatre. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
• Robinson, Lennox. I Sometimes Think. Dublin: Talbot Press, 1956.
• Rothenstein, William. Men and Memories: Recollections of William Rothenstein. 3 vols. New York: Coward-McCann, 1937.
• Russell, George. Letters from AE. Edited by Alan Denson. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1962.
• ― 244 ―
  Saddlemyer, Ann, ed. Theatre Business: The Correspondence of the First Abbey Theatre Directors: William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, and J. M. Synge. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe; University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982.
• Synge, John Millington. Collected Works. General editor: Robin Skelton. London: Oxford University Press; Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe; Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1962-68. 4 vols. Vol. 1, Poems, edited by Robin Skelton. Vol. 2, Prose, edited by Alan Price. Vols. 3 and 4, Plays, edited by Ann Saddlemyer.
• ———. Letters to Molly: John Millington Synge to Maire O’Neill, 1906-1909. Edited by Ann Saddlemyer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1971.
• ———. Some Letters of John M. Synge to Lady Gregory and W. B. Yeats. Edited by Ann Saddlemyer. Dublin: Cuala Press, 1971.
• Yeats, John Butler. J. B. Yeats: Letters to His Son W. B. Yeats and Others, 1869-1922. Edited by Joseph Hone. 1944. Reprint. London: Secker & Warburg, 1983.
• Yeats, William Butler. Poems. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1899.
• ———. Poems. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1901.
• ———. The Letters of W. B. Yeats. Edited by Allan Wade. London: R. Hart-Davis, 1954. Reprint. New York: Octagon Books, 1980.
• ———. The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats. 1938. Reprint. New York: Collier, 1961.
• ———. Essays and Introductions. New York: Macmillan, 1961.
• ———. Explorations. New York: Macmillan, 1962.
• ———. The Variorum Edition of the Plays of W. B. Yeats. Edited by Russell K. and Catherine C. Alspach. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
• ———. Memoris: Autobiography--First Draft, Journal. Edited by Denis Donoghue. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
• ———. Uncollected Prose by W. B. Yeats. Edited by John P. Frayne and Colton Johnson. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.
• ———. The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats. Edited by John Kelly and Eric Domville. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
• ———, ed. Fairy and Folk Tales of Ireland. Edited by Mary Helen Thuente. Foreword by Kathleen Raine. Reprint of Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry, ed. W. B. Yeats (London, 1888), and Irish Fairy Tales, ed. W. B. Yeats (London, 1892). Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe, 1977.


• IV— Secondary Sources
  Archibald, Douglas. John Butler Yeats. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1974.
• ― 245 ―
  ———. Yeats. Syracuse,n.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1983.
• Bax, Clifford, ed. Florence Farr, Bernard Shaw and W. B. Yeats; Letters. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1942.
• Bloom, Harold. Yeats. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
• Bohlmann, Otto. Yeats and Nietzsche: An Exploration of Major Nietzschean Echoes in the Writings of William Butler Yeats. Totowa,n.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1982.
• Bowen, Zack. Padraic Colum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970.
• Boyce, D. George. Nationalism in Ireland. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
• Boyd, Ernest. Ireland’s Literary Renaissance. New York: Knopf, 1922.
• Brown, Malcolm. The Politics of Irish Literature: From Thomas Davis to W. B. Yeats. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972.
• Bushrui, Suheil. Yeats’s Verse Plays: The Revisions 1900-10. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
• ———, ed. Sunshine and the Moon’s Delight: A Centenary Tribute to J. M. Synge 1871-1909. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1972.
• Cardozo, Nancy. Lucky Eyes and a High Heart: The Life of Maud Gonne. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1978.
• Carpenter, Andrew, ed. Place, Personality, and the Irish Writer. Irish Literary Studies, 1. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1977.
• ———. The Dramatic Imagination of W. B. Yeats. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1978.
• Colum, Padraic. The Road round Ireland. London: Macmillan, 1927.
• ———. Ourselves Alone! The Story of Arthur Griffith and the Origin of the Irish Free State. New York: Crown, 1959.
• ———. “Vagrant Voices: A Self-Portrait.” Journal of Irish Literature 2, no. 1 (January 1973): 63-75.
• ———. “Ninety Years in Retrospect.” Interview with Zack Bowen. Journal of Irish Literature 2, no. 1 (January 1973): 14-34.
• Connell, K. H. The Population of Ireland, 1750-1845. 1950. Reprint. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975.
• Connolly, James. Selected Political Writings. Edited by Owen Dudley Edwards and Bernard Ransome. London: Jonathan Cape, 1973.
• Corkery, Daniel. Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature. London, New York: Longmans, 1931.
• Cosgrave, Patrick. “Yeats, Fascism, and Conor O’Brien.” London Magazine 7, no. 4 (July 1967): 22-41.
• Coxhead, Elizabeth. Daughters of Erin: Five Women of the Irish Renaissance. London: Secker & Warburg, 1965.
• ———. Lady Gregory: A Literary Portrait. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1961.
• Cross, K. G. W., and A. Norman Jeffares, eds. In Excited Reverie. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1965.
• ― 246 ―
  Cullingford, Elizabeth. Yeats, Ireland and Fascism. New York: New York University Press, 1981.
• Denson, Alan, ed. Letters from AE. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1961.
• Dulac, Edmund. “Yeats, as I Knew Him.” Irish Writing 8 (July 1949): 77-87.
• Edwards, Hilton, and Michéal MacLiammóir. Interviewed by Gordon Henderson, Journal of Irish Literature 2, no. 3 (May 1973): 79-97.
• Edwards, Ruth Dudley. James Connolly. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1981.
• Ellmann, Richard. Yeats: The Man and the Masks. New York: Dutton, 1948.
• ———. The Identity of Yeats. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
• Fay, Gerard. The Abbey Theatre: Cradle of Genius. New York: Macmillan, 1958.
• Fingall, Elizabeth, countess of, and Pamela Hinkson. Seventy Years Young. London: Collins, 1937.
• Flannery, James W. Miss Annie F. Horniman and the Abbey Theatre. Irish Theatre Series, no. 3. Dublin: Dolmen Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
• ———. W. B. Yeats and the Idea of a Theatre: The Early Abbey Theatre in Theory and Practice. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
• Freyer, Grattan. W. B. Yeats and the Anti-Democratic Tradition. Totowa,n.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1981.
• Friedman, Barton. Adventures in the Deeps of the Mind: The Cuchulain Cycle of W. B. Yeats. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
• Greene, David H., and Edward M. Stephens. J. M. Synge, 1871-1909. New York: Macmillan, 1959.
• Grene, Nicholas. Synge: A Critical Study of the Plays. London: Macmillan, 1975.
• ———. “Stephen McKenna on Synge.” Irish University Review 12, no. 2 (Autumn 1982): 141-51.
• Gwynn, Denis. Edward Martyn and the Irish Literary Theatre. 1930. Reprint. New York: Lemma Press, 1974.
• Harper, George Mills. “Intellectual Hatred and Intellectual Nationalism.” In Theatre and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Ireland, edited by Robert O’Driscoll. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971.
• ———. Yeats’s Golden Dawn. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1974.
• Hone, Joseph. The Life of George Moore. New York: Macmillan, 1936.
• ———. The Life of W. B. Yeats, 1865-1939. New York: Macmillan, 1943.
• Hunt, Hugh. The Abbey: Ireland’s National Theatre, 1904-1978. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
• Jeffares, A. Norman. W. B. Yeats: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977.
• ― 247 ―
  Jochum, K. P. S. WBY: A Classified Bibliography of Criticism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.
• Kavanagh, Peter. The Story of the Abbey Theatre, from Its Origins in 1899 to the Present. New York: Devin-Adair, 1950.
• Kelly, John S. The Fall of Parnell and the Rise of Irish Literature: An Investigation. Anglo-Irish Studies, 2. Bucks, England: Alpha Academic, 1976.
• Kilroy, James. The ‘Playboy” Riots. Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1971.
• King, Mary C. The Drama of J. M. Synge. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985.
• Kohfeldt, Mary Lou. Lady Gregory: The Woman behind the Irish Renaissance. London: André Deutsch; New York: Atheneum, 1985.
• Knowland, A. S. W. B. Yeats, Dramatist of Vision. Irish Literary Studies, 17. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe; Totowa,n.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1983.
• Kuch, Peter. Yeats and A.E.: The Antagonism that Unites Dear Friends. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe; Totowa,n.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1986.
• Lyons, F. S. L. Ireland since the Famine. 1971. rev. ed., London: Fontana/Collins, 1973.
• ———. Charles Stuart Parnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
• ———. Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890-1939. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
• McCormack, W. J. Ascendancy and Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
• MacDonagh, Oliver. States of Mind: A Study of Anglo-Irish Conflict, 1790-1980. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.
• ———. Ireland: The Union and Its Aftermath. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977.
• Malins, Edward. “Annie Horniman, Practical Idealist.” Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 3, no. 2 (November 1977): 18-26.
• Marcus, Phillip L. Yeats and the Beginning of the Irish Renaissance. Ithaca,n.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970.
• Mikhail, E. H., ed. Lady Gregory: Interviews and Recollections. London: Macmillan; Totowa,n.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1977.
• ———, ed. W. B. Yeats: Interviews and Recollections. London: Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1977.
• Miller, Liam. Noble Drama of W. B. Yeats. Dublin: Dolmen Press; Atlantic Highlands,n.J.: Humanities Press, 1977.
• Moody, T. W. Davitt and Irish Revolution, 1846-82. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
• Moore, John Rees. Masks of Love and Death: Yeats as Dramatist. Ithaca,n.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971.
• ― 248 ―
  Munch-Pedersen, Ole. “Yeats’s Synge-Song.” Irish University Review 6, no. 2 (Autumn 1976): 204-13.
• Murphy, William M. Prodigal Father: The Life of John Butler Yeats (1839-1922). Ithaca,n.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978.
• O’Brien, Conor Cruise. Writers and Politics. London: Chaffo & Windus, 1965.
• ———. “Passion and Cunning: An Essay on the Politics of W. B. Yeats.” In In Excited Reverie: A Centenary Tribute to William Butler Yeats, 1865-1939, edited by A. Norman Jeffares and K. G. W. Cross. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1965.
• O’Brien, Joseph V. “Dear, Dirty Dublin”: A City in Distress, 1899-1916. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.
• O’Neill, William. “Yeats on Poetry and Politics.” Midwest Quarterly 25, no. 1 (Autumn 1983): 64-73.
• Oppel, Frances Nesbitt. Mask and Tragedy: Yeats and Nietzsche, 1902-1910. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987.
• O Suillebhain, Sean. “Synge’s Use of Irish Folklore.” In J. M. Synge, Centenary Papers, 1971, edited by Maurice Harmon. Dublin: Dolmen Press; New York: Humanities Press, 1972.
• Parkin, Andrew. The Dramatic Imagination of W. B. Yeats. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978.
• Pogson, Rex. Miss Horniman and the Gaiety Theatre, Manchester. Foreword by St. John Ervine. London: Rockcliff, 1952.
• Price, Alan. Synge & Anglo-Irish Drama. London: Methuen, 1961.
• Robinson, Lennox. Ireland’s Abbey Theatre: A History, 1899-1951. London: Sedgwick & Jackson, 1951.
• ———. The Noble Drama of William Butler Yeats. Dublin: Dolmen, 1977.
• Robinson, Pauln. “Peasant Play as Allegory: J. M. Synge’s Shadow of the Glen .” CEA Critic 36, no. 4 (May 1974): 36-38.
• Rogers, William Garland. Ladies Bountiful. London: Gollancz, 1968.
• Ronsley, Joseph, ed. Myth and Reality in Irish Literature. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1977.
• Saddlemyer, Ann, and George Gmelch. J. M. Synge in Wicklow, West Kerry, and Connemara. Totowa,n.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980.
• Sekine, Masaru, ed. Irish Writers and the Theatre. Irish Literary Studies, 23. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe, 1987.
• Skelton, Robin, and Ann Saddlemyer, eds. The World of W. B. Yeats: Essays in Perspective. 1965. rev. ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967.
• Skene, Reg. The Cuchulain Plays of W. B. Yeats: A Study. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.
• Summerfield, Henry. That Myriad-Minded Man: A Biography of George William Russell “A.E.” 1867-1935. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe, 1975.
• ― 249 ―
  Taylor, Richard. A Reader’s Guide to the Plays of W. B. Yeats. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984.
• Thornton, Weldon. J. M. Synge and the Western Mind. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe, 1979.
• Torchiana, Donald T. W. B. Yeats and Georgian Ireland. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966.
• Tuohy, Frank. Yeats. New York: Macmillan, 1976.
• Ure, Peter. Yeats the Playwright: A Commentary on Character and Design in the Major Plays. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963.
• Watson, G. J. Irish Identity and the Literary Revival. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1979.
• West, Trevor. Horace Plunkett, Co-operation and Politics. Gerrards Cross, Bucks.: Colin Smythe, 1986.
• Weygandt, Cornelius. Irish Plays and Playwrights. London: Constable; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913. Reprint. Port Washington,n.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1966.
• Worth, Katharine. “O’Casey, Synge and Yeats.” Irish University Review 10, no. 1: 103-17.
• ———. The Irish Drama of Europe from Yeats to Beckett. Atlantic Highlands,n.J.: Humanities Press, 1978.
• Zwerdling, Alex. Yeats and the Heroic Ideal. New York: New York University Press, 1965.

• V— Other Sources
  Adorno, Theodor W., and Max Horkheimer. Translated by John Cumming. Dialectic of Enlightenment. 1944. Reprint. New York: Herder & Herder, 1972.
• Benjamin, Walter. “The Artist as Producer.” In The Essential Frankfurt School Reader . Edited by Andrew Arato and Eike Gerhardt. 1937. Reprint. New York: Urizen, 1978.
• Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Knopf, 1976.
• Cantor, Jay. The Space Between: Literature and Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
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• Ellul, Jacques. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. Translated by Konrad Kellen and Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1966. Reprint. New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
• Engels, Friedrich, and Karl Marx. The German Ideology. Edited by C. J. Arthur. New York: International Publishers, 1972.
• Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977.
• ———. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-.
• ― 250 ―
  77. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972; rev. ed., 1980.
• Foulkes, A. P. Literature and Propaganda. New York: Methuen, 1983.
• Horkheimer, Max. Critical Theory: Selected Essays. Translated by Matthew J. O’Connell et al. New York: Herder & Herder, 1972.
• ———. The Eclipse of Reason. New York: Continuum, 1974.
• Jameson, Frederic. The Prison-House of Language. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
• ———. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca,n.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981.
• Lentricchia, Frank. Criticism and Social Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
• Marcuse, Herbert. Counterrevolution and Revolt. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972.
• Marx, Karl. Early Writings. Translated and edited by T. B. Bottomore. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
• Mitchell, W. J. T., ed. The Politics of Interpretation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, 1983.
• Morris, Charles. Writings on the General Theory of Signs. The Hague: Mouton, 1971.
• Pocock, J. G. A. “Verbalizing a Political Act: Towards a Politics of Speech.” In Language and Politics. Edited by Michael Shapiro. New York: New York University Press, 1984.
• Propp, Vladimir. The Morphology of the Folktale. Translated by Laurence Scott. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968.
• Shapiro, Michael J., ed. Language and Politics. New York: New York University Press, 1984.
• Smart, Barry. Foucault, Marxism, and Critique. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.
• Stendhal [Marie-Henri Beyle]. The Red and the Black. Translated by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff. Two volumes in one. New York: Liveright, 1954.
• Taylor, Richard. Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1979.
• Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Index A

• Abbey Theatre (building):.
• history of, xv, 108, 108n.;.
• description of, 171-72;.
• opening of, 108-13, 171-72;.
• ownership of, xiii;.
• ticket prices for, 171 n, 173-74, 174n.;.
• use of, by other groups, 221-25;.
• value of, 231, 235 .
• See also Irish National Theatre Society; National Players Society; National Theatre Society; Theatre of Ireland.
• Abbey Theatre (theatre company):.
• name of, 187n.
• See also Irish National Theatre Society; National Theatre Society.
• Actors:.
• creators of the theatre movement, xiii, 50-59, 50 n, 110-13, 111 n, 112 n, 113n.;.
• democrats, 120-23;.
• dissidents in the INTS, Ltd., 116, 120, 122-25;.
• interpreters of plays, 74-75, 188, 188n.;.
• professionalization of, 122-35;.
• and star system, 189, 191-92.
• See also Allgood, Sara; Campbell, Mrs. Patrick; Colum, Padraic; Darragh, Florence; Fay, Frank; Fay, W. G.; nic Shiublaigh, Maire; Roberts, George; Theatre of Ireland; Walker, Frank.
• Adorno, Theodor, 33-36, 34 n, 35n.
• Æ. See Russell, George.
• Allgood, Molly, 111, 157-58, 186n. See also Actors.
• Allgood, Sara (Sally):.
• acting of, 111, 188, 188 n, 191n.;.
• wages of, 124-25, 126, 127;.
• offense to Horniman by, 225-27;.
• quoted 226n.
• See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society.
• Archer, William, 1.
• Archibald, Douglas, 149, 149n.
• Ascendancy, Protestant, 11-20, 28, 36-41, 69-70. See also Class, classes.
• Ashbourne Act (1885), 37.
• Atkinson, Robert, 27 . See also Ascendancy, Protestant; Folklore.
• Audience, Irish: Catholic Nationalist members of, 7-9, 11-12, 19, 24-25, 59, 69-70, 81, 85; compared to English audiences, 67, 169, 230; considered as “mob,” 2, 2 nn, 24-25, 67-68, 80-82, 81n., 214-17; genteel elements in, 9-10, 44, 170-71, 174, 174-75n, 233, 237; reaction to The Countess Cathleen, 1-23; reaction to In the Shadow of the Glen, 73-74, 79-93; reaction to The King’s Threshold, 64-73; reaction to The Playboy of the Western World, 213-21; sophistication of, xiii, xv, xvi-xx, 67-68, 67 n, 230Authoritarian personality, 31-36, 33 n, 142-44.

• Bailey, W. B., 236-38.
• Balfour, Arthur, and Lady Elizabeth, 10.
• Balzac, Honoré, 85.
• Bedford, G. A., 219-20.
• Beerbohm, Max, 1.
• Benjamin, Walter, 136-37.
• See also Adorno, Theodor; Horkheimer, Max; Marcuse, Herbert.
• ― 252 ―
  Benson, Eugene, 81n.
• Berridge, Dr., 158-59, 164.
• Bettelheim, Bruno, 15.
• Booth, Wayne, xv.
• Bowen, Zack, 129n.
• Boyce, George, 67, 99 n, 103n.
• Boyle, William, 140 n, 175, 180, 239-40 (quoted); compared with Synge as satirist, 138-41; WORKS: The Building Fund, 138, 139; The Eloquent Dempsy, 138, 175; The Mineral Workers, 175.
• Brown, Malcolm, 10 n, 14 n, 16n.
• Bullen, A. H., 44.
• Burke, Kenneth:.
• on beauty as comfort, 38-39, 40, 89n.;.
• on purpose in literature, 89 n, 91;.
• on struggle for control of symbols, 66, 68 n, 106.

• Campbell, Mrs. Patrick (Beatrice):.
• celebrity actress in WBY’s plays, xx, 157, 188;.
• rival to Horniman, 157, 160, 225-27.
• Cantor, Jay, 40n.
• Capital, capitalism:.
• and the culture industry, 54, 62, 101;.
• and individuality, 34-36, 148, 200-202;.
• and Irish society, 37-38, 182-85, 147;.
• and the INTS, Ltd., 116-17.
• Carbery, Eithne, 103.
• Carpenter, Andrew, xix.
• Censorship:.
• by Horniman, 207, 212 n, 227-30;.
• of The Saxon Shillin', 114 n, 212, 212n.;.
• Shaw on, 228 .
• See also Freedom; Literature.
• Clark, David R., xviii, 145n.
• Class, classes: and individuality, 36-41, 40n.; and literary production, 65-66, 85-87, 105-6, 136-37; and sexual alliances, 158; and conflicting views of Ireland’s past, 6-23, 68-70; and conflicting views of Ireland’s future, 19, 89, 100-107.
• Colum, Mary, 21.
• Colum, Padraic, 73, 103, 113, 216;.
• compared with Synge as playwright, 129-30;.
• departure of, from INTS, 128-32, 131 n, 137;.
• popularity of, 103, 128-29, 129n.;.
• return by, to NTS, Ltd., 232, 233, 237.
• WORKS:.
• “Concerning a Creamery “ (essay), 134-35.
• Broken Soil, 93, 129 n, 130, 130n.
• The Land, 129-30, 129 n, 130-31.
• Thomas Muskerry, 232, 233, 237.
• Connell, K. H., 8n.
• Connell, Norreys, 225, 227.
• Connolly, James, 56n, 133.
• Coole (estate of Lady Gregory), 38-39, 113, 177, 198, 233.
• Cousins, James:.
• nationalist plays of, 91, 137;.
• The Racing Lug, 93;.
• and Yeats, 20, 114 n, 137.
• Cullingford, Elizabeth:.
• on The Countess Cathleen audience, 2 n, 4 n, 7n.;.
• on Yeats’s politics, 31-33, 31 n, 33 n, 57.

• Darragh, Florence: acting of, 188, 191n.; role of, in INTS, Ltd., management, 183-84, 186 n, 187, 187n.;.
• views of, on Horniman, 156, 163.
• Davis, Thomas: and cultural nationalism, 28, 29, 93, 96, 103, 104.
• Davitt, Michael, 133, 133 n, 134.
• Drama (play): definition of, xvii-xviii, xx, 68-71; folk, 54, 58-60, 129-30, 139-41, 188;historical costume, 54-55, 68; literary, 141-42; political and allegorical, 68; problem play, 43, 102, 130. See also Ibsen, Henrik, plays of; Literature; Propaganda; Theatre.
• Democracy: actors’ commitment to, 113-14, 123, 134-35, 223; Yeats’s opposition to, 12, 17, 70, 105-7, 117-22, 137.
• Dendy and Paterson (attorneys), 236-38.
• Digges, Dudley, 109 n, 118n.
• Doheny, Michael, xvi-xvii.
• Donoghue, Denis, 23, 23n.
• Dowden, Edward, 143.

• Edward VII, king of England, 30;.
• death of, and the Abbey, 232-38.
• Edwards, Hilton, 23.
• Eglinton, John, 43, 92.
• Elizabethan Stage Society, 79, 79n.
• Ellman, Richard, 32, 71.
• Ellul, Jacques, 18-19.
• Encumbered Estates Act (1848):.
• and the Irish landlord class, 37.

• Farr, Florence, 45, 47, 49, 161, 188.
• Fay, Frank: acting of, 61, 61 n, 111, 111 n, 124; politics of, 55-56, 78; theatre criticism of, 53-56, 53 n, 58, 59.
• Fay, Gerard, 108 n, 177.
• Fay, W. G.: acting of, 74, 189;.
• Horniman’s dislike of, 157, 157 n, 176-79, 191; role of, in creation of theatre movement, 43, 50, 50 n, 60-63, 111-13, 112n.; management of, 72-73, 121, 123, 124, 124 n, 139-40, 176, 183, 189-93, 196-97, 196 n, 197n.
• Fingall, Elizabeth, Countess of, 10, 10n.
• Flannery, James W.: on Frank Fay, 53n.; on Horniman, 50 n, 160, 176 n, 239, 239n.; on Yeats, xviii, 160 .
• Folklore, 14-17, 27-28, 81-84. See also Drama. .
• Foucault, Michel: on “colonization,” 132, 144, 144n.; on discipline, 182, 184-86; on freedom, 62-63.
• Foulkes, A. P., 17 n, 72-74, 77.
• France, Anatole:.
• and Synge’s irony, 92.
• Freedom:.
• and individuality, 24-63;.
• from money, 56, 61-62, 112, 123;.
• through money, 56, 135, 199-202, 205-6, 240;.
• and power, 56, 62.
• Freedom, artistic: 41, 41n.;.
• conflicting meanings of, 61-62;.
• nationalists’ commitment to, 93-94;.
• Yeats’s defenses of, 19-20, 104, 215-17, 227-30.
• See also Censorship.

• Gaelic League: and Horniman’s Abbey Theatre, 154, 173-74, 180, 222, 230, 232; and spread of Irish drama, 51, 180. See also Hyde, Douglas.
• Gaiety Theatre (Dublin), 58 n, 224.
• Gaiety Theatre (Manchester). See Manchester Gaiety Theatre.
• Garvey, Maire (Mary), 111, 123.
• Gill, T. P., 11, 13-14.
• Gogarty, Oliver St. John, 129n.
• Gonne, Maud: acting of, 188; writing of, 137; relationship of, with Yeats, 71, 71 n, 161-63, 164, 173; theatre directorship of, 65 n, 101-2, 104, 222, 223.
• Granville-Barker, Harley Granville, 105.
• Greene, David H., and Edward M. Stephens, 108-10, 135.
• Gregory, Lady Augusta: and actors, 126, 127, 183-84; and authorship of Cathleen ni Houlihan, 58, 58 n, 60; and Coole, 39, 198; and The Countess Cathleen, 1-2, 5-6, 20; and Horniman, 46, 152-53, 193-94, 198, 205-7;and Samhain principles, 76, 205-7, 208; and Yeats, 161, 188-94, 196, 198, 202-4. WORKS: Cathleen ni Houlihan, 58, 58n, 78, 219. The Canavans, 175. Dervorgilla, 202-4. The Rising of the Moon, 208.
• Grene, Nicholas, 82 n, 83 n, 215n.
• Griffith, Arthur: and foreign ownership of INTS, 79, 173-74, 222, 223, 235, 239; nd In the Shadow of the Glen, 81-86, 83 n, 93-94; and The King’s Threshold, 64, 67 n, 70 and nationalism, 52, 77,.
• Griffith, Arthur (Continued) 98-99, 103, 104; and Yeats, 32-33, 57-58, 65 n, 104, 116-17, 235, 239.

• Hannay, Reverend James O., 166.
• Harper, George Mills:.
• on Order of the Golden Dawn, 47-49, 47 n, 48 n, 158 n, 159n.;.
• on Yeats’s convictions, 49n.
• Henderson, W. A., 198, 232.
• Hogan, Robert:.
• and James Kilroy, 119n.;.
• on The Countess Cathleen controversy, 6;.
• on Boyle’s popularity and Synge’s unpopularity, 140.
• Holloway, Joseph:.
• and Abbey redecoration, 172;.
• comments of, on The Countess Cahtleen rioters, 3;.
• on the dissident actors, 125, 126n.;.
• on Horniman, 122, 168;.
• on Synge, 139;.
• on Yeats, 168.
• Hone, Joseph, 75, 75n.
• Horkheimer, Max: analysis by, of the authoritarian personality, 33; of individuality, 33-36, 34 n, 35n. See also Adorno, Theodor.
• Horniman, Annie Elizabeth, 149-202; 205-39; animosities of, toward W. G. Fay, 156n, 157, 176-79; toward Maud Gonne, 161-64; toward Lady Gregory, 161, 199; toward the Irish, 156, 175, 179-82, 184-86, 217-20, 240; toward Synge, 157, 178, 217; toward Mrs. Patrick Campbell, 157, 227; conceptions of, about art, 114-15, 138, 138 n, 154, 185; as costume designer, 114, 114 n, 165-68; desire of, for self-expression, 165-71, 199-202; effect of, on theatre policy, 75-77, 119, 131, 152, 153-55, 173-74, 181-86, 196-97, 199-202, 205-39; finances of, 121, 151, 151 n, 165, 205; love of, for Yeats, 48, 48 n, 114-15, 160-65, 179, 231-32, 238; and Order of the Golden Dawn, 47-50, 155, 158-59; Quakerism of, 149, 155; purchase by, of the Abbey, 27, 49-50, 60-63, 75-79, 114-15, 152; “secret treaty” with Yeats, 193-96, 194 n, 195 n, 205, 236; as theatre promoter, 168-71, 175, 222-25. See also Censorship; Property.
• Hyde, Douglas: and the Gaelic League, 43, 99, 104, 133; compared with Yeats, 143; mentioned, 2, 222.

• I
  .
• Ibsen, Henrik, plays of: influence on Colum, 130; influence on Synge, 73, 83-84; model for Gaelic theatre, 102. See also Drama.
• Individual, individuality: celebrated in Shadowy Waters, 144-48; defined by Adorno and Horkheimer, 33-36 defined by Mill, 33; defined by Nietzsche, 34n.; defined by Sartre, 40n.; social basis of, 33-36; tramp as symbol of, 130; and W. B. Yeats, 24-63; Irish Agricultural Organization Society (IAOS), 133 . See also Plunkett, Horace.
• Irish Literary Theatre: “failure,” 42-44, 50-51; funding, 24-30; premier, 1-3; prospectus, 7, 26, 26n. See also Irish National Theatre Society; “Theatre of Beauty”; Yeats, W. B.
• Irish National Dramatic Society, 78 . See also Irish National Theatre Society.
• Irish National Theatre Society (INTS; INTS, Ltd.): establishment of, by actors, 78, 110-13, 135; “home rule” in, 133-35, 190; incorporation of, 117-21; name of, 87, 187; presidency of, 109, 113; shift in policy of, 75-79; split in, 116-35; tours of, to England, 169-71. See also Actors; Democracy; National Theatre Society; Yeats, W. B.; Irish Socialist Republican Party, 133, 133n.

• Jameson, Fredric:.
• on folktales, 15;.
• on the political perspective, xxi, 212.
• Joy, Maurice, 74.
• Joyce, James, 2, 20.

• Kavanagh, Peter, 119n.
• Kelly, John S., 38 n, 51n.
• Kettle, Thomas:.
• on Horniman’s costumes, 114 n, 167.
• Kickham, Charles, 103.
• Kilroy, James. See Hogan, Robert.

• Land League, 25-26, 129, 133.
• Lane, Hugh, 215, 218.
• Lecky, W. H., 26, 27, 29, 29 n, 30.
• Lentricchia, Frank: on Kenneth Burke, 39 n, 66 n, 68 n, 91, 94n.; on historical interpretation of text, xiv, xix.
• Literary Theatre Club, 45.
• Literature: “artifice of eternity,” 21; “good art,” 139, 141-42, 144-48;.
• as opposed to propaganda, 21, 88-91, 208; “pure art,” xiv-xv, 76-77, 89, 96-98, 236; “representative,” 7, 83, 84-87; “universal,” 84-85. See also Propaganda; “Theatre of Beauty”; Yeats, W. B.
• Logue, Cardinal Michael, 2, 6, 7, 20n.
• Lyons, F. S. L., 8n.
• Lyttleton, Alfred and Edith, 225, 226.

• McCormack, W. J., 37 n, 38n.
• MacDonagh, Oliver, 99n.;.
• on Irish view of property, 134-35.
• MacKenna, Stephen, 93.
• Macmanus, Seamus, 222.
• Macmanus, Terence Bellew, funeral of, xv-xvii.
• Mahaffy, J. P., 57.
• Mahoney, Joseph, xvi-xvii.
• Malins, Edward, 114n.
• Manchester Gaiety Theatre, 153, 164, 205, 206, 222.
• Mansergh, Nicholas, 99n.
• Marcuse, Herbert, 40n.
• Martyn, Edward: and the National Players Society, 222; withdrawal of, from the Irish Literary Theatre, 26-27, 26 n, 43;.
• on Yeats as impresario, 22, 160n.
• Marx, Karl:.
• on distorting power of money, 200-201;.
• on economic determinism, 51-52, 202n.;.
• on ideology, 36n, 85, 87;.
• influence of, on Synge, 92.
• Mathers, Macgregor, 47-48, 159, 166. See also Horniman, Annie Elizabeth; Order of the Golden Dawn.
• Mathers, Moina, 166.
• Mechanics’ Institute, xvi. See also Abbey Theatre.
• Mill, John Stuart:.
• definition of individuality, 33;.
• on Irish view of property, 134-35.
• Milligan, Alice, 90-91, 103.
• Moody, T. W., 133n.
• Moore, George: collaborates with WBY in authorship, 26, 42, 42n.; dismisses achievement of Literary Revival, 137; enrages Horniman, 177-79, 179n.; remarks on The Countess Cathleen disturbance, 1, 4-5, 14; on The Shadowy Waters, 145n.
• Moran, D. P.: commitment of, to free speech, 85, 93-94; contempt of, for WBY’s mysticism, 44; to Horniman, not a gentleman, 75, 181; and Irish Ireland movement, 52, 55-56, 100, 104; and national theatre, 55-56, 100, 104, 173-74; outrage of, at Abbey ticket prices, 173-74; and the “typical Irishman,” 85.
• Morris, Charles, analysis of communication, 71-72.
• Morris, William, 92.
• Murphy, William M., xxiii, 118 n, 121 n, 124n.; remarks of, on Horniman, 150, 160; on Synge, 139; on WBY, 42 n, 37 n, 160 .
• Murphy, William Martin: conception of a national theatre, 101, 102, 104.

• National Council, 222-23.
• National Dramatic Society, or W. G. Fay’s National Dramatic Society, 52-53. See also Fay, W. G.; Irish National Theatre Society.
• Nationalist (nationalism): cultural, 26, 98-100, 104; O’Leary’s defintion of, 31, 31n.;.
• Protestant, 28, 29; and Yeats, 26-32, 42, 104. See also Actors; Democracy; Politics, political.
• National Literary Society: and origins of cultural nationalism, 51, 51n.
• National Players Society, 222-23.
• National Theatre Society, Ltd. (NTS, Ltd.): created from INTS, Ltd., 187; “home rule” at, 187n.; name of, disliked by Horniman, 115, 223;.
• as representative Irish institution, 190, 204 n, 206, 230-31. See also Irish National Theatre Society.
• nic Shiublaigh, Maire (Mary Walker): acting of, 73-74, 110-13, 223; departure of, from INTS, Ltd., 121, 123-28, 142-43; remarks of, on Horniman’s plans for theatre, 121, 121 n, 151 n, 152; role of, in establishing INTS, 110-13, 116. See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society.
• Nietzsche, Friedrich: critique of “art for art’s sake,” 97-98; first contact with, by Yeats, 64n.; ideas of, as influence on Yeats’s conduct, 61 n, 106-7, 143, 232, 238; as influence on Yeats’s The King’s Threshold, 61 n, 71, 71 n, 97-98; as influence on Yeats’s notion of genius, 142. See also Literature; Yeats, W. B.

• O’Brien, Conor Cruise: describes Abbey Theatre as missionary school, 140n.; focuses on Yeats’s class and politics, 24, 24n, 31-33, 33 n, 140n.; appreciates Yeats’s cunning, 33 n, 57. See also Cullingford, Elizabeth.
• O’Connell, Daniel, 25-26, 173.
• O’Dempsey, Brigid, 157, 186.
• O’Donnell, F. Hugh, 2, 5-7.
• O’Grady, Standish, 18, 43.
• O’Kelly, Seamus, 223.
• O’Leary, John, 73, 74; and the “good nationalist,” 31, 31n. See also Nationalist.
• Oppel, Frances, 96-97.
• Order of the Golden Dawn: executive disputes in, 47-49; sublimated eroticism of, 158-59, 159n.
• O Suillebhain, Sean, 82, 82n.
• O’Sullivan, Seamus. See Starkey, James.

• Parkin, Andrew: on The Countess Cathleen, 16n.; on Yeats’s audiences, 66-67, 67n.
• Payne, Ben Iden: appointment of, as NTS manager, 191-92, 195, 196, 196 n, 219; resignation of, as NTS manager, 197, 197n.; .
• opinions of, about Horniman, 150 n, 153-54; about NTS inefficiency, 183.
• Pearse, Padraic, 51.
• Plunkett, Horace, 99, 133, 134 . See also Irish Agricultural Organization Society.
• Pogson, Reg, 151n.
• Politics, political: classification of, 209-12; character of the theatre, 205-40; Irish definitions of, 89, 98-100. See also Nationalist; Propaganda.
• Price, Alan, 81n.
• Propaganda: classification of types, 17-20, 78, 96, 209-12; distinguished from literature by Yeats, 68, 88-96, 208-9. See also Literature; Politics.
• Property: and individuality, 35-36; Irish conceptions of, 134-35. See also Horniman, Annie Elizabeth.
• Propp, Vladimir, 15 . See also Folklore.

• Quinn, John, 117.
• Quinn, Maire T., 109 n, 118n.

• Rand, Helen, 226-27, 236-37.
• Roberts, George, 111, 111 n, 116, 123 . See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society.
• Robinson, Lennox, 232-34, 236, 237.
• Russell, George (pseud. Æ): criticizes WBY’s authoritarianism, 113, 127, 142-44;; revises INTS rules, 113, 114, 114 n, 118-19; submits to WBY’s authority, 118-19, 118n. See also Authoritarian personality; Irish Agricultural Organization Society; Irish National Theatre Society; National Theatre Society; Yeats, W. B.
• Ryan, Fred: and INTS dissidents, 113 n, 123, 137; and Irish socialists, 56 n, 78, 113n.; The Laying of the Foundations, 78, 137. See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society.

• “Samhain Principles”: xiv, 76-79; “no politics” rule, 76-77, 104, 115, 206-40; as patron’s contract with theatre society, 76-77, 236-38;.
• redefined, 208-9; Synge’s view of, 76, 206-7, 208-9. See also Horniman, Annie Elizabeth; Literature; Politics.
• Schuchard, Ronald, 45-46, 49.
• Scott, C. P., 235-38.
• “Secret treaty.” See Horniman, Annie Elizabeth.
• Shaw, George Bernard: English career of, 45; praise of, for Irish audiences, 67n.; struggle of, against censorship, 228; The Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet, 228-30.
• Sinclair, Arthur, 125, 179n. See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society.
• Skeffington, Francis Sheehy, 215-16.
• Skelton, Robin, 92-93.
• Smart, Barry, 144n.
• Smith, Captain John, xvi-xvii.
• Spivak, Gayatri, on ideology, 212n.
• Starkey, George, 123, 124.
• Starkey, James (pseud. Seamus O’Sullivan), 103, 112 n, 137.
• Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle), 212-13.
• Stephens, James:.
• Fenian leader, xvi-xvii.
• Symons, Arthur, 1.
• Synge, John M.: satire of, compared with Boyle’s, 139-40; “harsh and strange” genius of, 74, 94, 137, 139-42, 230; and national theatre, 103, 190, 192, 206-7; politics of, 91-93, 103, 190; romance of, with Molly Allgood, 157-58; and “Samhain Principles,” 76, 206-7. WORKS: In the Shadow of the Glen, 79-84; author’s intention in, 92-93; compared with Deirdre, 94-95; first performance of, 72-74; and folklore, 81-82, 82n. The Playboy of the Western World, 9, 229, 230; first performance of, 18, 213-21; as propaganda, 18. Riders to the Sea, 214. Well of the Saints, 178.

• Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 85.
• Taylor, Richard, 67n.
• Theatre: as business enterprise, 41, 113-48; commercial, 52, 55-56; international art, 102, 186, 187, 187 n, 189, 196; Irish national, conflicting definitions of, 100-106; popular nationalist, 50-52.
• See also Drama; Irish National Theatre Society; National Theatre Society; “Theatre of Beauty”:; impossible in Dublin, 68;; nationalist critiques of, 53-54, 79n.; The Shadowy Waters as an example of, 145; suitable for the few, 44. See also Literature; Yeats, W. B.
• Theatre of Ireland: banned from Abbey Theatre, 154, 223-24; competition of, with INTS, Ltd.,.
• ― 258 ―
  Theatre of Ireland (Continued) 116-17, 116n, 123, 223-24. See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society; National Theatre Society.
• Thornton, Weldon, 81 n, 83 n, 213n.
• Tone, Wolfe, 103.
• Tuohy, Frank, 41n.

• Ure, Peter, 12n.

• Victoria, queen of England: Irish visit of protested, 25-31; Yeats attacks false loyalty to, 58 .

• Walker, Frank, 110, 116; resignation of, from INTS, Ltd., 124-26, 126n. See also Actors; Irish National Theatre Society.
• Walker, Mary. See nic Shiublaigh, Maire.
• Watson, G. J., 4n, 24, 24 n, 102.
• Weber, Max, 125.
• Wellek, René, 85, 85n.
• Westcott, Dr. William, 47. See also Mathers, Macgregor; Order of the Golden Dawn.
• Weygandt, Cornelius, 81 n, 129, 130n.
• Whitbread, John, 54.
• Wilde, Oscar, 45.
• Williams, Raymond, 36n.
• Worth, Katharine, xix.
• Wyndham, George, 72-73.

• Yeats, J. B.: defends Synge, 74, 102-3; defines national literature, 102-3; paints portrait of Horniman, 149-50, 155; reproves WBY, 127;.
• sells family estate, 37, 37n.;.
• Yeats, W. B.: as businessman, 113, 116-17, 119-20, 121, 127-28, 132, 224-25, 231, 235-36; as coauthor of Cathleen ni Houlihan, 58, 58 n, 59;as companion of women, 157, 160-61, 160n.; as conspirator with Horniman, 46-50, 75-76, 188-95, 221-25; as exploiter of Horniman, 46-50, 48 n, 75-76, 160-65, 168, 230-32; as friend of Lady Gregory, 192-94, 202-4; as impresario, 21-23; as inspiration to Irish writers, 130-31, 136-37, 203-4; as master of language, xix-xx, 104, 107, 141-42; as opportunist, 32-33, 46, 57, 75-76, 202-4; as playwright of enduring interest, xviii-xx, xviii; as politician, 24-41, 42, 57, 142-44, 229-30; as Protestant nationalist, 13-19, 24-41; as Nietzschean superman, 61 n, 106-7, 142-44, 232, 238.
• PLAYS: Cathleen ni Houlihan, 58-59, 58n. The Countess Cathleen, 1-23, 33, 41-42, 44, 59, 65, 86, 136. Diarmuid and Grania, 42-43. Deirdre, xx, 94-95, 137, 165, 188. The Hour-Glass, 59-60, 93. The King’s Threshold, 61-62, 64-71, 97-98, 136, 166-67. The Land of Heart’s Desire, 57-58. On Baile’s Strand, xx, 137, 172. The Player Queen, 227. The Pot of Broth, 93, 136. The Shadowy Waters, 44, 145-48, 167-68.
• POEMS:.
• “To a Shade,” 11; “Upon a House Shaken by the Land Agitation,” 39.
• PROSE WRITINGS: Discoveries, 63n. Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry, 14-16. “First Principles,” 105-6. “The Freedom of the Theatre,” 78n. “The Irish Literary Theatre,” 96. “The Irish National Theatre,” 75. “John Synge and the Ireland of His Time,” 141-42. Memoirs, 39. “Reform of the Theatre,” 88. A Vision, 159n. ― 259 ―.

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