The publication of Irish Literature in Transition in six volumes (Cambridge UP 2020) - both in print and online - has been capably marshalled by Claire Connolly and Marjorie Howe in the role of general editors, it might well be argued that Irish Studies has reached its zenith. Game over. This extraordinary collection of 106 authoritative essays covers every period of Anglo-Irish writing in its social, cultural, material, intellectual, literary and aesthetic development along with some lights on the copious literature in Irish also. This follows in the wake of the sublime Cambridge History of Irish Literature (2008) which was magnificently edited by Margaret Kelleher and Philip O’Leary some years ago. And still the stream of genre-and-epoch handbooks of Irish literary history and criticism keeps flowing forth from leading university presses at home, in England, in America, and even further afield.

Take, for instance, Fran Brearton & Alan Gillis’s Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Poetry (OUP 2012) or Declan Kiberd and P. J. Mathews’s, Handbook of the Irish Revival: An Anthology of Irish Cultural and Political Writings 1891-1922 (Notre Dame UP 2016), not forgetting - though the list is long - the Cambridge Companion series which includes Shaun Richard’s Twentieth-century Irish Drama (2003) and Modern Irish Culture (2005), edited by Joe Cleary with Claire Connolly (again!). Then there is Gerry Dawe’s Cambridge Companion to Irish Poets (2017) whose contents we have only sketchily copied to several parts of RICORSO so far. Add Irish Literature in Transition to a shelf already groaning with the Royal Irish Academy’s Dictionary of Irish Biography (2006 - and now online) and you have a life-time’s secondary reading at the consultation-reference work level and a significant problem for the joists at home.

This is not the place for a studied review of the new collection,* yet the list of contributors alone is an almanac of Irish literary studies in our time and there is even a sense of if-you’re-not-in-you-can’t-win about it to the curmudgeonly eye - equally for authors and for critics. Never mind, there are other omnibus collections in the works with every opportunity to mark your mark before the clap of doom. Indeed, Irish companions, handbooks and critical collections have been coming off the press at an accelerating pace for the last two decades. Or two-and-a-half, if you count the Oxford Companion to Irish Literature, edited by Robert Welch (1996) as the starting point, with yours truly as Assistant Editor - although the true beginning resides Robert Hogan’s Dictionary of Irish Writers in 1979 (rev. 1996) and before than a vital legacy of Irish anthologies and bio-biographical dictionaries all-but lost in the mists of time.

[ *Anthony Roche has given a masterly overview in the Irish Times on 19 Sept. 2022 - available online and also as attached. ]

That said, the scope and depth of recent collections is astounding. Take, for instance, A History of Irish Working-Class Writing edited by Michael Piers (Cambridge UP 2017) or the collection on Irish-language drama since World War II most recently added by Philip O’Leary & Brian Ó Conchubhair (Drámaíocht na Gaeilge: ón Dara Cogadh Domhanda ar aghaidh, Cló Iar-Chonnacht 2022) - both included in the showcase at the bottom of this page [infra].

... And now rumour has it that yet another big beast is in the offing - coming to Cambridge to be born - in the shape of Cambridge Themes in Irish Literature and Culture, edited by Ronan MacDonald with able support from Malcolm Sen, Margaret Kelleher, Christopher Murray and numerous others. (You can see the preview matter - online.) So Wow! and Wow! again, says RICORSO. But here’s the thing. As a wise reviewer of the Irish Writing in Transition has adroitly said, this is the beginning not the end of a roaring critical tradition. Irish cultural reflection has come far and has still further to go - somewhat in the position of the foremost postcolonial commentary on a historical and a living literature in any language.

The only difficulty is that RICORSO can no long keep pace with all this industry in Irish studies concentrations throughout five continents - and hence the publication date of Cambridge’s Transition and Routledge’s International Handbook is going to be the terminus ad quem of a digital adventure that began with the Oxford Companion in 1996 which - it cannot be denied - formed the basic framework of the collection of digital records on Irish writers that is RICORSO today. Indeed, at that early date the head-word lists of the bio-bibliographical section were the same until RICORSO turned into a record of every previous reference work and as much commentary and quotation as the rapidly changing digital technology and human dedication allowed at any point.

In this spirit all that follows from now on chez RICORSO is mere house-keeping - an immense clean-up operation aimed at rendering the website and its contents both materially trust-worthy, technically stable and - as far as possible - permanently available. The reasons are largely personal since, in theory, the website could be expanded indefinitely and by as many ‘hands’ as joined the game, if there were world enough and time. (People talk about tendencies and tensions in cultural studies but they speak little about tendonitis.) As a certain American-Asian historian recently wrote to great acclaim, history is over - not Comte nor Hegel but the aptly-named Francis Fukuyama. Well, Well, history may not be over but RICORSO ends here. Slán leat and aproveite to any habitual visitors it may have.

—Bruce Stewart [01.10.2023]

Some Recent Irish-studies Omnibus Critical Collections & Reference Publications

I've just travelled to the Federal University of Natal (UFRN, Brazil) to give a Bloomsday lecture on the invitation of Professor Francisco Ivan de Silva of at that scenic university in the dunes of the Brazilian Nordeste. Ivan has amazingly succeeded in running Bloomsday conference and exhibitions based on his own collection of Joyce memorabilia for 25 years and was duly honoured by a voluntary subscription from students and staff at his own University where his own work in criticism and translation is revered.

UFRN have now offered an exchange agreement with my own university in Ulster involving potential initiatives from all departments. I was honoured to carry home their generously-conceived contract, already signed on their side and ready for signing on ours at the University of Ulster (UU, N. Ireland).

Natal and Coleraine, where UU is located, have in common a natural treasure in the dune-system that forms their natural hinterland and the tourism that provides the basic staple of the economy of both regions. The University of Ulster has recently scored the highest points in a UK survey of Tourism departments. Grounds for shared information indeed! And then there is the wider range of subjects in Humanities and Sciences ...

I’m not wildly happy with the way the site is progressing. Indeed, sometime in September 2010 I realised that I could no longer keep it up - I mean, I could no longer hope to copy a representative selection of new titles, reviews, commentaries in published monographs and collections and all the subsidiary sources which make up the annual collation of RICORSO. Que faire?

I began by drawing a time-line under this website as you can see on the front page where it says: ‘Ricorso: A Knowledge of Irish literature 1990-2010’. In practice, I will make no effort to log new writers or to field information about older writers - living or dead - who are already listed here other than what I can glean from the existing collection on my bookshelves or easily accessible internet resources.

What follows on from now is going to be an exercise in serendipity - not that Ricorso was ever anything other than a personal selection of data based on a reasonably wide survey of available reference and critical materials. Henceforth, therefore, RICORSO will record whatever comes my way in the from of literary squirrelling, neither with the idea of keeping an annual record or the idea of compassing the whole of Irish literature: more than ever, it is a knowledge of Irish literature, just like it says on the tin.

By contrast with that subjective bent and laxity of intentions, I’ve equally decided to make a more concerted effort to log additions to the website in this Journal if only to record the way I went in the best Praeger fashion, and to blazon the names of some more Irish writers and perhaps to provide a record for some curious searcher in the future of the moment at which I broadcast new discoveries about this or that writer.

(Actually, I have a more material motive in mind: to demonstrate that, while I have not been achieving the usual academic plaudits won through journal publication, I’ve nonetheless been plough a furrow of my own long hours into the night and that in spite of a two year old infant in the the house.)

So, for the future, expect what happens. There’s a steel cupboard in my office which contains virtually complete runs of Etudes Irlandaises, Eire-Ireland, the Irish University Review, and less extensive sets of the James Joyce Quarterly and sundry other journals. (How did they get there?) Even the most superficial logging of their contents would, I think, comprise, an unusual breadth of information on a single site. More to the point, it would complete the education of the editor ...

Yet - and it is a big yet - an increasingly large proportion of my time is now spent on internet in the sense that the pursuit of bibiographical information leads me deep into the bowels of the Internet Archive, and the comparable (if not actually affined) collection of digital text at Google Books. COPAC plays its part also - supplying basic bibliographical information about authors and their book-form publications. Internet, grace a Google, leads me to review in umpteen and more journals .. and the result is often and again a day spent following the hyper-trail through cyperspace rather than the paper-trail through printed books and journals in the open-stack library.

I can’t help feeling that the end-term of this process is a new style of scholarship, curiously well-suited to the purely arbitrary line that I have drawn at 2010 as marking the moment of exhaustion beyond which I can no longer attend to the current moment of publication (our moment, in as much as we live and breathe in 2011.)

Yours truly, BS — wishing every and any reader of this website a happy and productive New Year all year long with lots of brilliant interventions, conference papers, articles and reviews, original works, purloined letters, and all other modes and manners of literary and academic success.

Another year down! According to my recording there’ve been 15,000 uploads to this website since last August, mostly in the form of additions to files from primary and secondary sources - and most of these in the “Authors A-Z” region of the website which continues to function as the chief resource. You can see the records of uploads in the Logbook pages [link] of this website (a fairly discontuous record for the last few years but back on track at present - though these bely the actual level of activity since the site has been greatly altered in functionality and design in the same period.

Sadly the task of keeping the rolling annual Bibliography up to date for the current year has not been as promptly executed as in the past and copies of publishing bulletins, news-clippings and and scholarly journals lie all around me at present.

The reason for this has to do primarily with a lot of family journeys in the summer, normally the period in which the bulk of the work was down - but also with changing family patterns arising from the strange and joyful arrival of a boy-child in the house whose hard-wired capacity to demand time and attention is one of the givens of human nature. He has now graduated to the stage when he knows what electric buttons are for, and all that stands between me and a fatal crash is the tidy wire grill I’ve installed between the little explorer’s hands and my computer.

Aside from that, two major developments have shaped the way in which the site has developed during this year past. Firstly, the increasing stridency of institutional demands to observe strict protocols in regard copyright either in relation to material designed for teaching or simply for archival records - has made it impossible to persist in piling material into Ricorso as I meet it, or to maintain it on open access keep for those many who - as I know from “hits” and e-mail, have formed a dependence on it for the teaching and research.

The second development worth mentioning is the arrival of Tower Interactive who have suggested that we open a new site to be called the “Irish Literature Society” with the aim of laying on a range of services for Irish readers, scholars, and students and pulling in a little money in return. The idea is to establish e-commerce on the website in the shape of book sales, and to open a membership register which will enable access to a range of interactive services among which the contents of the existing Ricorso website will take their place - those, at least, which are free from copyright problems. What this spot!

§

It’s astonishing how many titles are becoming available these days in the form of digital books. Here the chief mover is of course Google Books who are creeping up towards their projected 5 million titles at an impressive rate. (1.5 million titles is the current figure behind this rapidly moving wall.) Much as I share in the widespread interest in the question of current publications which has preoccupied living writers, the public and the courts, the real bonus lies in the region of antiquarian books or those of more recent date which are now out of copyright. The genius of the collection held at Google’s Internet Archive - and what differentiates it from the collection built up at the Gutenberg Project - is that the books appear in both .pdf and .txt format - though admittedly the latter is subject to often-chaotic scanning error and sometimes to very happenstance ideas about textual editing of the resultant documents.

The case of Edward Hay’s History of the Insurrection of Wexford, a.d. 1798 (1803) serves well to illustrate the state of online access to Irish texts. The other day I happened upon this work quite accidentally while tidying up my files on Wolfe Tone. I was led to it by a search on the Ask About Ireland website, which gave me a digital copy in .pdf format - see it for yourself here. The whole is prefaced by a lengthy Introduction in which Hay gives an acount of his own family - Norman stock who remained Catholic - and his persecution by the ultra-Protestant Wexford Comittee, as they called themselves, in the wake of the Rebellion. The story that he tells concerns the ‘preconcerted’ perversion of justice at his expense. It also displays an liberal and even-handed intelligence that refuses to blame one side or the other exclusively for the terrible happenings of the period nor exempts either from blame. (See my file on Hay in “Authors”, infra.)

Hay was an educated Catholic (actually, an elected member of the Catholic Committee who visited St. James Palace in that capacity and was ’graciously received’) whose very existence reflected a reality often overlooked: there was an Irish middle class capable of proceeding without disloyalty to themselves and their traditions, and without bowing to the landlords or the priests who would increasingly monopolise the real power in Ireland between them, until a combination of Irish radicals and British liberals intervened.

It immediately struck to me that the Introduction, at the least, should be republished. In that spirit I began to make the digital copy which is now among the historical documents on this website, snugly tucked away in the RICORSO Library, “Sundry Authors” section - accessible via index or direct. I was busily copying the text in Notepad from the version I had found on yellowed paper where Ask about Ireland had direct me - apparently among their ‘assets’ as the URL suggests (/aai-files/assets/ebooks/...Hays&c.pdf - online]).

As I turned to dreaming about the unwritten book on the topic of the Irish Catholic gentry that I once considered writing as an ancillary to a slightly untypical conception of the political and cultural location occupied by James Augustine Joyce - no less a Norman descendant and a remnant of an ‘old English’ lineage than Edward Hay, MRIA, Esq. - I began to glose the various links that Google had provided for Mr Hay before closing down the browser. Suddenly I found myself face to face with the astonishing treasure trove that the Co. Clare Library librarians have placed on internet for any Irish bibliophile who cares to find it.

More exactly, I found the gem of Irish digital link pages, not a portal to all the various enterprises and resources that supply the needs of Irish studies - such as the "Gateway" I myself have constructed within the pages of Ricorso (and which several other sites, whether ensconced in the RIA in Dublin or at Creighton College, Nebraska have also put online) - but a total listing of all the Irish-related books now out of copyright which have been digitised by Google. These are the words with which I introduce the copy of the Claremen’s compilation on the Ricorso site:

The following list of electronic books relating to Ireland has been captured from the compendium of digital resources compiled by staff at the County Clare Library, a remarkable achievement on their part, and a website well worth visiting any day - any not just by Claremen. The original compilation of Irish-related titles is available there under the heading Digital Books and has been copied here in a format better suited to the Ricorso framework.

As the clear account of the list involved given at the head of the page explains, that listing was compiled using the Open Library search feature attached to the million-strong digital collection books now held in the Internet Archive assembled by Google Books. (See specifically the Open-Access Text Archive therein.)

While the search engine itself has obviously been designed by the boffins at Google, it cannot be supposed that a great deal of hands-on work has not taken place in Clare sorting and formatting the resultant information. Plaudits are due to this extraordinary team whose work in this respect is quite unrivalled by the resource-builders of any other Irish county library. If the National Library of Ireland has such a webpage, I have not found it!

The result file of 502 titles, ranging from Dermod O’Connor’s translation of Keating’s Foras Feasa ar Eirin, originally penned in 1630s and translated by O’Connor, much to the dismay of Gaelic cognoscenti - in 1723, and reprinted in that translation by James Duffy & Sons in 1861, to the Nun of Kenmare’s Advice to Irish girls in America published by McGee in New York in 1872 - along with works by Eugene O’Curry and Willie Yeats; Lecky, Lover and Lever; Spenser and Mac-Geoghegan; Matthew Carey and John Mitchel; John O’Mahony and Michael Davitt; Kickham and Lawless, even those indispensable Englishmen Matthew Arnold and Thomas Carlyle.

Among the many others such a lovable unknown as Rebecca Helena Hine - who wrote a historical ballad at 46-page extent on the subject of her hero, Brian Boru, in 1888 while connected - presumably by marriage to J. H. Hine - with the formerly Presbyterian Foyle College, Derry which is now a composite part of the University of Ulster. And, among them, too, The History of the Insurrection of Wexford, by Edway Hay, Esq., in its Google Books incarnation at the Internet Archive. Having followed the trail thus far, it prove irresistable to copy the book in text-format, and to edit it into Ricorso style using the associated .pdf version as the copy text for checking.

Given the use of long ‘s’ - i.e, ‘f’ for ‘s’ - and the random method of editing applied chez Google Books, the checking was hardly less arduous as manual copy-typing might have been. Exhausted by the labour of copying the file into a word processor to retain such format features as italics, then saving it as html and stripping out the redundant tags generated by that software before dropping it into the appropriate region of the website - where it can been seen and for the onward distribution of its booty to the relevant author-entries and the digital Library of the website - where it can be seen - see it can be reached with password access- I was ready to repair (as Joyce’s Uncle Charles would say) to a pub on Market St., Coleraine, to confer with Uncle Arthur.

There, with a copy of Books Ireland that I brought along for light reading - for what point of bringing Colm Toibin’s Brooklyn when so many of the denizens have tales to tell of equally poignancy themselves? - I happened on the information in Jeremy Addis’s “First Flush” that a biography of Hay is due to appear from the History Press this very autumn - viz., Margaret Ó hÓrtaigh’s Edward Hay: Historian of 1798.

Serendipity? Coincidence? There is so much happening in Irish studies at the moment that the odds are severely stacked against any name or title appearing in one context without a related name or title springing up in another. And this is how it’s been all week as, at various less-than-idle (if not precisely well-used) moments I plugged on through the chapters of what must be the most consummately piece of scholarship to break upon the shore of Irish studies in the last decade: Kate Trumpener’s Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire (1997).

Suddenly everything anyone has had to say about Lady Morgan, Sylvester O’Halloran, Charles O’Connor, Carolan and Hempsey, Bunting and Tone and Emmet and Tom Moore, even Petrie and O’Donovan, is stitched into an explanatory account of the growth and morphology of cultural nationalism in Ireland and the other peripheral regions of the erstwhile United Kingdom - at least, so far as Ireland is concerned - that it seemed like looking directly into the depths of the well from which all that intellectual refreshment had been drawn.

For decades past I have been copying snippets of informative commentary and criticism into the author files of Ricorso, and in recent years, since the arrival of rapid scanners with easily affordable ‘optical character reocognition’ programs the temptation is to copy whole chapters and, in some instances, whole books for preservation in the Library section of the website (naturally, under password).

Now, like a jigsaw puzzle nearing completion, or a Rubek cube approaching its solution, the whole of our knowledge about Irish writing in the antiquarian period - whether for the pulpit or the stage, the theatre or the bookstall, the learned society (or gentleman’s association), the revolutionary coven or the junta’s cabal - is assuming an aspect of final coherence and taking the unprejudiced postcolonial form it happily coincides with the elegant account of texts and contexts which makes the Cambridge History of Irish Literature (2004) such a triumph of re-reading, synthesis, and theoretical good sense.

I’m only sorry that I haven’t contributed first-hand to this exercise in national - yet not entirely nationalist feat of understanding. (‘Wipe your glosses with what you gnose’, is Joyce’s famous dictum.) All I can hope is that the sheer extent of archaeological graft involved in the compilation of Ricorso - digging out and dusting off the shards of criticism that make up the whole mosaic - will produce an archival counterimage of the pattern in the carpet. But at what a cost! Aside from the inherently arbitrary nature of the archive, the whole endeavour has now become borderline illegal.

Did I say borderline? In the age of copyright audits I’ll lucky to avoid a custodial sentence, if not a auto da fé involving the incineration of my mortgages and the domestic comforts associated with them. (What will the three little piggies do then.) I should have been a real writer - thinker, biographer and critic - instead of a scissors-and-paste man of the most sterile description. ... Yet, surely, a cannot be a futile goal to conserve the documentary elements of ‘a knowledge of Irish Literature’ in one electronic place - as the subtitle on the front page of Ricorso claims.

I emphasis the singular, ‘a knowledge’ because these are simply the traces of one itinerary across the landscape of Irish writing down the centuries - partial, purblind, partisan and quirky; flawed by the continual ellipses of inattention, failing energy, ignorance of sources. I myself, and several others, understanding its scope: that is, its strengths and likewise its failings - all of which have got to do with the method of compilation.

By the year 2000 Ricorso had comprehensively digested virtually every bibliographical source on Irish literature including not only the Bradshaw Collection at Cambridge University Library, the 1955 catalogue of the British Museum Library, and those of the Belfast Central and the Linen Hall libraries, but also the substance of Stephen Brown’s Ireland in Fiction (1919) and a wide range of modern Irish dictionaries. It had also eviscerated most of the Irish literary histories, conference collections, and topical studies and had contributed through online open access to the works a number of distinguished scholars in the subject area.

Yet, when that astonishing duo Rolf and Magda Loeber, produced their Guide to Irish Fiction (2006), no reference whatsoever was made to Ricorso or its antecedent, the EIRData website that I built for the Princess Grace Irish Library or the Irish Literary Records which I launched on internet at an even earlier period will acting as secretary to the International Association for the Study of Irish Literatures. From these omission I infer that Ricorso and its kind are not considered worthwhile sources for information about Irish literature, notwithstanding the hundreds of lecturers, students and reviewers who weekly visit the site guide their researches or supplement their knowledge.

In large part this is due to the practice of a very proper professionalism as regards the authority of bibliographical sources, and an equal measure of good sense as regards the structure of the Ricorso ‘database’ - but it also has to do with the fact that the database is not itself a normal copyright undertaking which requires acknowledgement for information and borrowed text. Is this something that can be remedied in the future? Only be excising large portions of the website which have been frankly captured by means of print-book scanning or online capture of one kind or another (i.e., mouse-selection, manual copying and whole-file downloads).

Alternately it would be possible to establish an e-commerce regime of some description, enabling access to quoted passages only on payment of a fee which would be passed on the the authors and/or contributors to the website (perhaps in the form of remission of a proportion of an entry charge or free access the whole.) I am sad to say that this is probably the most likely option for the future. But, once accepted, it is the development route that promises most in terms of site development since the contents would become both corporative and cumulative - building up to a scale immensely greater than the present small beginning. It would then remain only for the author of Ricorso to adopt the part of a contents referee or monitor, and to ensure that the technical capacity for interactive contributions was maintained in top condition. Way to go!

In the meantime Ricorso will remain what it was from the outset: one scholar’s notebook on the subject, truly “a” knowledge of Irish literature. And, for those who find its contents serviceable in their own publishing contexts, the second point clearly made in the “Terms & Conditions” (which meet each user who enters by the front door) must strictly obtain: ‘Texts to be found here should be consulted in the printed originals prior to inclusion in any publication and the original cited as the source.’

[ Note: These are first thoughts written in some haste rather than a finished article.]

Ricorso has been significantly overhauled in the last 12 months. Other than the perpetual update from incoming titles, the most important change concerns the correction of broken links between file and file which greatly enhances the value of the website. A drop-down menu has been added to the search engine which permitting each region of the website to be searched separately or together. Less obvious changes concern the way in which the code is written and the re-design of visual elements.

On the editoral side, over 30,000 pages have been subjected to close scrutiny and proofing while the presentation of longer biographical notices has been modified for easy reading. The listing of “Works” and “Criticism” has similarly been rationalised, using bullet-points and sub-headings. Links to external sites either as sources of material or sources of further information has been supplied both at the author-page and the “Gateway” level of the website.

The stated aim of RICORSO – to review forty years of Irish literary scholarship – has been substantiated in the form of a physical library of sources covering the chief primary and secondary texts and the main Irish-studies journal series. This is housed on purpose-build shelving at Adelaide Avenue, Coleraine. It is estimated that the key elements of all such materials (whether text or table of contents) will have been incorporated in RICORSO within five years, bringing the project to conclusion.

The compilation of a digital library corresponding in scope to that physical collection constitutes an asset ripe for exploitation in future educational and commercial contexts with benefit to the authors of same as well as the compiler. In view of legal issues regarding copyright, however, the development of this aspect of the project must await a future moment when time and funds are available to tackle administrative problems associated with it.

The present website is entirely maintained by its compiler at an independent domain and server address on an individual internet service provision fee-paying basis. It remains open to all visitors subject only to agreement with the “Terms and Conditions” set out on the front pages - which may not, however, have any ultimate value as legal disclaimers. In five years of operation, there has been copious correspondence with scholars and authors but no legal issues pertaining to the content.